What Are The Effects Of Petroleum Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Effects Of Petroleum Environmental Sciences Essay Is a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation. 1.2 Petroleum Industry The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization itself, and thus is a critical concern for many nations. 1.3 Current Situation Reliable Source of Energy: Petroleum is still the most reliable source of energy. Although renewable sources of energy do exist, but the extent to which they can replace petroleum and the possible environmental damage they may cause is not known and controversial. For transportation use high energy density liquid petroleum cannot be replaced by sun, wind, geothermal and other renewable electricity sources. Environmental Pollution: One of the most prevalent sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world is the petroleum-derived contaminants. In large concentrations, hydrocarbon molecules that make up the petroleum products are highly toxic for the living organisms. Petroleum also contains some amount of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which when react with the environment they produce secondary poisonous chemicals. Oil Spills: Oil spills are most visible source of petroleum pollution. During transporting crude oil from one country to another these oil spills occur. Oil travels for long distance by either ocean tanker or land pipeline. Oil spills also occur at areas where oil is extracted. Massive quantities of petroleum are released into land and marine ecosystems when there is a tanker, pipeline or oil well accident. Small spill near shore is more harmful for marine organisms then a large oil spill in the open ocean. Global Warming: Petroleum fuelled transportation is considered as one of the chief reasons of global warming. Greenhouse effect is created by the capture of excess amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide. Carbon Dioxide even though is not a toxic, but its the main constituent of petroleum fuel exhaust. About one-third of carbon dioxide emitted in the air every year comes from exhaust of vehicles. Whenever crude oil is extracted, transported, refined or stored methane is also emitted. Lesser Carbon-Dioxide released compared to Coal: Lesser amount of carbon dioxide is released in environment by burning petroleum as compared to coal. So coal has more harmful effects on environment than petroleum. 1.4 Recent Trends Decrease Dependence on Petroleum Energy efficient engines and hybrid gas/electric cars help to reduce some need for oil. It provides better gas mileage and less demand. Renewable Energy Petroleum companies are now investing in renewable energy products and services. There are little or no greenhouse gas emissions through renewable sources of energy and they do not contribute towards formation of smog, acid rain or other hazardous air pollutants. In growing number of applications, renewable sources of energy are used and they have many environmental benefits as well as increased local opportunities. Recycling Used Oil: Used Motor oil can be reprocessed into fuel. Two gallons of used oil can generate enough electricity to run the average household for 24 hours. These days the petroleum companies are providing convenient used oil collection sites at their service stations. Recycling used motor oil conserves a valuable resource as well as it keeps the surface waters and groundwater supplies safe from potential contamination due to improper disposing of used oil. 1.5 Opportunities Reduce impact and occurrence of oil spills: The oil companies should dispose of their waste products carefully and maintain their equipment in peak conditions. For downstream petroleum industry protecting land and groundwater is their priority. Designing environmental friendly disposal solution: Distributors and refiners should work closely with the government authorities to design environmental friendly disposal solutions. These would allow more used oil to be recycled or reused in an environmentally safe manner. Recycling used oil: Used oil can be recycled many times which means less new materials are consumed. Hence refining is more practical. 50 per cent less energy is consumed in re-refining used oil than producing motor or lubricating oil from unrefined crude. Reduce natural gas flaring and implement new emissions estimation and tracking tools: Oil companies have to reduce natural gas flaring in order to cut emissions (while also adding to energy supplies) and  they have to store Carbon Dioxide underground, so that it can be safely preserved for many year. The oil and gas companies should also implement new emissions estimation and tracking tools so that it would enable them to assess how well they are meeting the goals set for themselves and  report  progress to the public. Refinery cleaning: Oil companies should clean up their refineries. They should reduce their air and water emissions. Gasoline should be reformulated to bum cleaner, which would dramatically cut the levels of lead, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons released into the air. 1.6 Threats Alternative Fuels: There are wide variety of alternative fuels developed like ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. They produce little or no green house gases and exhausts. Renewable Sources of Energy: Renewable sources of energy like solar power, bio fuels, geothermal energy, and wind power are available nowadays. Companies are now working with the automakers and government agencies on new fuel and vehicle technology. Global Warming and Environmental Pollution: One of the most prevalent sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world is the petroleum-derived contaminants. In large concentrations, hydrocarbon molecules that make up the petroleum products are highly toxic for the living organisms. Petroleum also contains some amount of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which when react with the environment they produce secondary poisonous chemicals. Petroleum fuelled transportation is considered as one of the chief reasons of global warming. Greenhouse effect is created by the capture of excess amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide. Carbon Dioxide even though is not a toxic, but its the main constituent of petroleum fuel exhaust. About one-third of carbon dioxide emitted in the air every year comes from exhaust of vehicles. Whenever crude oil is extracted, transported, refined or stored methane is also emitted. Oil Spills: Oil spills are most visible source of petroleum pollution. Massive quantities of petroleum are released into land and marine ecosystems when there is a tanker, pipeline or oil well accident. Small spill near shore is more harmful for marine organisms then a large oil spill in the open ocean. 2.0 INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT OVER ENVIRONMENT United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It has to co-ordinate the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international community for action. They cover wide range of issues regarding atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They have aided in the development of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals, trans-boundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways. Government Regulations and Petroleum Industry The U.S government provides financial support for exploring alternative sources of energy like renewable sources of energy. They provide grants to researchers so that they can experiment with renewable energy technology. The Department of Energy has developed a grant-based research project called the Climate Change Technology Initiative. Through this CCTI project, researchers help to find ways of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. A partnership was formed between the U.S. government and major automobile manufacturers in U.S with the hope that technology developed through this research would help in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from automobiles in the United States. This grant also helps in supporting other experiments in the field of renewable sources on energy. OPEC supports the use of CCS technology. CCS technology has the potential of reducing emissions by 40%. A need exists for companies to learn more about the CCS process and the different technologies that may be used. Hence, OPEC is further advocating the development of CCS technologies along with the Carbon-Dioxide enhanced oil recovery. Living in a carbon-constrained world has lead to changes in policy priorities in industrialized countries. Many companies and countries have already implemented policies to limit the use of petroleum products in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However other energy sources (like coal) have far greater carbon emissions than petroleum. 3.0 Summary Energy is what moves the world. And many energy resources have been relied upon for ages, to make our lives convenient and comfortable. Petroleum is one such energy resource.   Energy, environment and associated global warming concerns are the focus of raging debates as the global climate system impacts the political climate. The impending energy crisis and the soaring oil prices have their roots in the fast depleting non-renewable source of energy: petroleum. Petroleum takes the spotlight as the worlds primary energy resource as the petroleum industry produces indispensable gasoline and other fuel derivatives. Petroleum is considered a major building block for the economy as well. Therefore the petroleum industry, generating bulk-volume products by way of gasoline and fuel oil, is of paramount significance when issues related to energy or ecology are at the center of current public and world affairs. Petroleum has been the critical element for development of numerous industries in the last two centuries. The receding supply of petroleum has sparked off the search for crude through offshore drilling.   The process of oil exploration with offshore drilling is a tedious and intensive one.   Oil wells are dug miles into the earth or the sea shore in the hope of finding natural gas. Oil and gas have been much under the spotlight because the global specter of rising oil prices strains the economies of the world. Recommendations The oil companies should dispose of their waste products carefully and maintain their equipment in peak conditions. For downstream petroleum industry protecting land and groundwater is their priority. Used oil can be recycled many times which means less new materials are consumed. Hence refining is more practical. 50 per cent less energy is consumed in re-refining used oil than producing motor or lubricating oil from unrefined crude. Distributors and refiners should work closely with the government authorities to design environmental friendly disposal solutions. These would allow more used oil to be recycled or reused in an environmentally safe manner. Oil companies should now invest in alternative fuels like ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. Oil companies need to look for renewable sources of energy like solar power, bio fuels, geothermal energy, and wind power. Oil companies should also reduce its demand by increasing their efficiency.

African Folktales Essay

In the actual Nigeria tribe African folktales, form a very important part of the African culture. There are different ways in how those folktales affect the African culture in general; one of this ways is that it’s used as a way of communicating. There is a rich, fertile legacy of folklore from Africa. On this vast continent, folk tales and myths serve as a means of handing down traditions and customs from one generation to the next. The storytelling tradition has thrived for generations because of the absence of printed material. Folk tales prepare young people for life, as there are many lessons to be learned from the tales from the history of this large continent, this includes the forceful transplanting of the people into slavery on other continents. In addition to the folk tales, there are myths, legends, many proverbs, tongue twisters, and riddles. In the African folk tales, the stories reflect the culture where animals abound; consequently, the monkey, elephant, giraffe, lion, zebra, crocodile, and rhinoceros appear frequently along with a wide variety of birds such as the ostrich, the secretary bird, and the eagle. The animals and birds take on human characteristics of greed, jealousy, honesty, loneliness, etc. Through their behavior, many valuable lessons are learned. Also, the surroundings in which the tales take place reveal the vastness of the land and educate the reader about the climate, such as the dry season when it hasn’t rained for several years, or the rainy season when the hills are slick with mud. The acacia trees swaying in a gentle breeze, muddy streams that are home to fish, hippos and crocodiles, moss covered rocks, and giant ant hills that serve as a â€Å"back scratcher† for huge elephants, give the reader a sense of the variety of life in this parched or lush land in this part of the world. There is wealth of folktales in the African culture of different kinds some examples of them are: Uncle Remus Tales, Tortoise and the Hare, Crocodile Tales, The voice of the Drums, The Kind of Lion, String Tales, The Sacred Vulture, Anansi, and Dilemma Tales. Those kinds of tales above are just some examples of the huge African folktales repertory, and the subcategories which take a major role in the African and Nigerian culture and society, reflecting the animals that abound there. In conclusion, I can say that folktales plays an important role in the African Society, even more than books or other kind of source, this is because in Africa are very few resources of written history, so they know more about their history via these folktales; without folktales, African history may be inexistent CITATIONS: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Random house, Inc., 1995 http://www.teachervision.fen.com/folk-tales/resource/3716.html?page=1&detoured=1

Module 1 Slp . Introduction To Research Methodologies .

Module 1 SLP Introduction to Research Methodologies MAE 504 Research Methods in Education Dr. Wilson Tiaqunia Hayes Your task for the Module 1 SLP assignment is twofold: FIRST, fill in the matrix with information pertaining to the following items: identify the type of research represented by each methodology listed in the matrix (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) describe the purpose of each research methodology listed in the matrix, provide an example of a research problem for each methodology listed in the matrix SECOND, write a 3- to 4-page narrative essay in which you address the following items: discuss what constitutes a research problem, compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative†¦show more content†¦Once your topic has been identified and vetted for previous related studies, relevancy, and researchability, you than can move on and figure out which type of research procedures that you will take to obtain your answers. Next you will need to decide on how you will obtain and analyze your research data. This process will be determined by the type of research problem that was define in the beginning of the research development and revolve around your hypothesis or desired results (M., 2004). You will have annotate and share the results of your data collection. This after action report of the obtained data will allow the researcher to determine whether or not the desired results were obtained or will there need to be some follow on research in order to generate expanded results. Two of the research methods that are used on a regular bases are the qualitative and quantitative research methods. Each have their own advantages and disadvantages and are used based off of the define research problem and what answers the researcher is aiming or prepared to discover. Not all research and data are created equal and neither are the methods that are used to collecting and analyzing the data. The qualitative research method uses an interactive research model that is aimed to providing a flexible means of data collection through observation and social reliance (Johnson, Quantitative, Qualitative, andShow MoreRelatedTransforming Total Sales into Net Profits51271 Words   |  206 PagesProfits Gerald I. Kendall, PMP Copyright  ©2005 by Gerald I. Kendall ISBN 1-932159-38-X Printed and bound in the U.S.A. Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kendall, Gerald I. Viable vision : transforming total sales into net profits / by Gerald I. Kendall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-932159-38-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sales management. 2. Marketing—Management. 3. Corporate profits. 4. Corporations—Growth—Management

Video Games And Its Effect On Society - 1050 Words

Ever since video games emerged as a mainstream media source, society has been skeptical about their worth in society. Whether it’s their violence or their messages, people have blamed games for a wide number of things from causing gang violence to school shootings. However, one thing that is talked about significantly less is the correlation between video game difficulty and our work ethic as a society. Games with a fixed difficulty, like Dark Souls, don’t allow players to make the game easier because they are unable to succeed, thus forcing them to solve problems and think about new ways to get passed difficult parts. A mentality that has become more popular in today’s society is the â€Å"Everyone is a Winner† mentality. When kids are young, they often are encouraged to join sports teams or events to make friends and learn social skills. In childhood sports, usually everyone who plays gets a metal or award of some sort, regardless of if they win or not. That’s not fair to the winning team, who obviously trained in order to win, whereas the team that lost might of slacked off instead. Consolation prizes show how we reward people for trying, not actually succeeding. Where this shows that trying is important, it also undermines the value of persevering to get better at something. It stands to reason that things like consolation prizes generate an attitude that things should be given to you if you just try repeatedly and not ever improve. That ideology is what people seem toShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Its Effects On Society1463 Words   |  6 Pages Movies, video games, music and television shows come in different genres. However, depending on age in regards to youth not just anyone is allowed to: watch certain movies, buy just any video game, listen to any music or watch any tv show. Sometimes they can see certain movies with a parent or guardian. Seeing violence in excess causes violent acts to take place in society because it gives ideas to viewers or listeners especially those who are young. This the reason there are ratings for mediaRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Society Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 1970’s, video games in America have been controversial. Currently around 97% of America s children play video games in some form; from home consoles such as Xbox, to personal computers and mobile games on smartphones, even in an educational form, video games are nearly everywhere and bringing in big money. Around $21 billion is being funneled into a domestic video game industry. But what are these kids viewing when playing video games and how does that affect their role in society? A commonRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Society1274 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in video games can affect ones mindset in so many different ways, where we don’t even realize it. 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It has become the most popular way of entertainment in modern civilization, but it also has become a subject of public concern regarding to its negative effects on peoples psychological and physical problems, especially in children and teens. Video games are now recognized by a study as an addiction according to the journal Psychological Science: â€Å"Researchers used data on 1,200 childrenRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Society2285 Words   |  10 PagesFrom the inception of Pong to the latest chapter of the video game series Assassin’s Creed, virtual gaming has been scorned and shunned as a detriment to society. Older generations speculate that incessant gaming in young children insinuates violence, antipathy, lack of creative initiative, and develops an unhealthy isolation from the real world. However, in recent years, these postulates have been put to the test; a number of scientists have conducted ex perimentation in order to discover whetherRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Game On Society1466 Words   |  6 PagesFor generations games have been an important part of our culture. Many of these games center on war and strategic tactics. Boys and girls have played soldier, Cowboys and Indians, Monopoly, or Chess . Through games such as these the future men and women of society learned strategy and the consequences of controlling and restraining themselves because their actions had consequences. However with the invention of the computer high definition graphics, these games, and many others have been createdRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Society859 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to a U.S Study by Rideout Et Al (As Cited in Anderson Bushman 2001.a), the popularity of video games is rapidly increasing. In a U.S study by Butchman Funk (As Cited in Anderson Bushman 2001.b), Around 60 percent of 4th grade girls prefer violent games and about 3 out of every 4 boys with a similar age also prefer ferocious ones. This essay will argue that violence in video games should be censored. For the purpose of this essay, violence can be defined as the physical force intendedRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Society1298 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction During the advent of video games, the world was taken by storm, as this new type of entertainment caught the attention and imagination of the populace; but as this attention grew, concern and scrutiny weren’t far behind. Controversy finally got its chance in the 1990s, when games finally upgraded to 16-bit, giving them the ability to depict realistic blood and gore in games like Moral Kombat; which was criticized for excessive violence, a reason Congress used to create the Entertainment