Doing Business Abroad Essay Example for Free

Doing Business Abroad Essay Companies around the world are expanding in order to meet a larger market. However, this is no easy task even for people who have been doing business for decades for there is always this thing called cultural diversity. This thing is put into consideration not only of companies and managers that establish businesses in other countries but also of those who engage into joint ventures and alliances. Setting a company globally requires not only good managers but thorough study as well. A market research would be very helpful especially to determine the needs and wants of the people in the locality. A bunch of factors affect the preference of people like religion, beliefs and environment. Should the product be modified to fit the desires of the people? For instance, burgers with beef patty are modified in order to be accepted and sold in Hindu-dominated countries. There are also cross-cultural trainings for managers that would be sent abroad. These are usually conducted by business schools with the aim of providing global managers who have the ability to cope with different challenges that they may encounter, especially those that are brought about by diversity in culture. However, as much as these trainings would help, they are not yet enough to suffice for the thorough understanding and settlement of cultural differences that might yield success to a business that spread its wings. Problems still remain due to this cultural diversity. Even with the repute of English in conducting business globally, language remains a problem. Language, as defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is words with their pronunciation and the methods of combining them to be used and understood by a community. Words are not enough. Pronunciation and accent are essential, and at this part is where problem usually occurs. As Edward Burman cited in his article entitled Managing Cultural Diversity in a Global World, linguistic confidence can be perceived as quasi-colonial arrogance and this may eventually lead to conflicts. Similarly, jokes and stories which are essential in building harmonious relationship among workers are affected, not just because of the way they were delivered but more importantly by the context that they were formulated. Some humorous acts might be insulting to others, which again might lead to discord. Another problem that may arise due to cultural diversity is the way the human resource personnel determines the appropriate candidate for a job. Whether be it an expatriate or a native of the location of the headquarter, the measure to the achievements of an applicant varies from the school where he acquired his degree and skill to the society where he belong. These qualities may not be well-reflected in his application forms or the result of his examination or interview. Although it may be known to the resource manager that different cultures respond differently to various situations, the challenge is still to determine the best person whose culture and skill perfectly fits the job. Also, developing the trust with people from other culture opens another difficulty especially if a company will merge or ally with a local company of other country. Research can be done to be able to identify possible reasons to trust but it remains a thorny job for the managers in the negotiation table. Everything will matter, from the physical appearance to the gestures. Aside from these problems cited by Edward Burman, the way to designate a manager to a place is something to be thoroughly thought of. According to an interview with Robert J. Freeman, Americans are a bit resistant to exotic destinations. The question then is how these Americans would be assigned to a location beyond his desire. Or since there are expatriates of more than sixty nationalities, which should be chosen and what type of compromise would the company give to convince the manager. Nevertheless, these problems can be addressed if global managers have several skills as discussed by Josephine Song in her article Transcending Borders. The first is technical skills. Aside from the field that he is expected to master in order to efficiently perform his task, he must also be able to utilize the means that globalization brings for the betterment of doing things. He must be able to maximize opportunities and resources that might be useful for the accomplishment of his job. Likewise, he must also have good communication skills which comprise not only of knowledge of words but their proper pronunciation and usage as well, most especially English which is the basic medium for conducting business globally. Communication is not only via speaking, but also via reading, writing or listening. More importantly, global managers must take caution in their words and actions so that misunderstandings would be avoided. They must also be innovative and resourceful to improve their businesses according to the locality. With increase in expatriates all over the globe, I think it would be unfair to say that they or the locals could better cope with the changes. They might have an advantage with regards to having dealt with different cultures already that they might not find it anymore difficult to relate with another set of people. Their presence in the top management could also bring global perspective. But, their knowledge of the culture of the country where the company is located might be very limited as compared to the locals. Yes, they may be able to learn and adapt but still, the culture instilled in them would always be a part of them and their decisions and reservations. I think, it would be better to have a mix of expatriate and local managers in a global business for as Burman concluded, management remains culture-bound, be it local or expatriate.

Social Identity Theory And Self Categorisation Theory Sociology Essay

Social Identity Theory And Self Categorisation Theory Sociology Essay Social Identity Theory was established by Tajfel and Turner with the aim of trying to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. Tajfel and Turner (1979) tried to identify conditions which would lead members of a specific social group to behave in a biased matter towards an out-group, in favour of the in-group which they were a member of. It is seen as a discursive approach. The main principle of Social Identity Theory is that people often categorise and define themselves and others into a number of different social groups and strive to have their group valued more highly than other groups (Tajfel Turner, 1985). Consistent with Tajfel and Turners (1985) claim, it is believed, by other psychologists, that social identities are formed to boost self-esteem and encourage a sense of certainty (McGregor, Reeshama and So-Jin, 2008). To explain the phenomenon of how individuals evaluate themselves and others as part of an in-group or an out-group, Social Identity Theor y identifies three mental concepts: social categorisation, social identification and social comparison (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Social categorisation relates to individuals assigning people to social categories in order to understand and identify them (Tajfel Turner, 1979). This results in the world being divided into them and us, or an in-group and an out-group. In the second concept, social identification, people adopt the identity of the social group they have categorised themselves into. This also involves developing an emotional attachment to ones identification with the group and self-esteem will be closely linked to group membership (Tajfel Turner, 1979). The final concept, social comparison, relates to an individual comparing the group they identify with with other groups. To retain ones self-esteem, their group must be viewed in a more positive light than other groups (Tajfel Turner, 1979). Several psychological studies have supported the fact that individuals create so cial categories in order to boost self-esteem. An example of this being when individuals learn that their social group is unacceptable to society, they tend to perceive the out-group as unacceptable as well (Ford Tonander, 1998). Haslam (2001) has identified two types of strategies individuals use to boost their groups status: social conflict and social creativity. Social conflict refers to the in-group undermining the social status of the out-group. This can be done in a violent manner or by way of protests. Social creativity relates to the in-group emphasising group features which they flourish on, by way of advertising these strengths. Haslam (2001) argues that when the in-group does not feel at risk and feel their status is largely secure they will engage in social creativity rather than social conflict. However, when members of the in-group feel threatened they will readily engage in social conflict. A core principle of Social Identity Theory is that ones social identity is no t fixed and cannot predict ones behaviour. Instead, the context and the in-groups salience in the context decides which aspect of an individuals identity is influential in a situation. According to Social Identity Theory, individuals are more inclined to identify with a certain social group if they feel uncertain. Support for this claim comes from McGregor, Reeshma and So-Jin (2008). In their study, participants were required to describe personal conflicts which were caused by unresolved personal problems (uncertainty task). In an attempt to assess out-group derogation, Canadian participants read statements which were critical of Canada, written by a foreign person. The extent to which the Canadian participants disliked and disagreed with the foreigners statement was measured, providing an index of out-group derogation. Additionally, each participant completed a measure of structure requirement. McGregor, Reeshma and So-Jin (2008) found that individuals who sought structure and clar ity were more likely to show out-group derogation after completing the uncertainty task. However, this research used participants from a Western country the same results may not have been generated if Eastern participants took part in the study. The assumptions from these results cannot be generalised to people from different cultures. It can be argued that Social Identity Theory is effective in its claim that people have a biased perception of their own social group compared to other groups, that is, explaining in-group bias. Evidence of this can be seen in the results of Mullen, Brown and Smiths (1992) study into the in-group bias hypothesis. Further support of the claim that identity processes underlie the in-group bias is a report illustrating that members of a social group have higher self-esteem after engaging in discriminatory behaviour (Rubin Hewstone, 1998). Rubin and Hewstone (1998) demonstrate that people show an intergroup distinction to feel good about themselves and the social group which they identify with (Brown, 2000). Brown, Maras, Masser, Vivian and Hewstone (2001) observed that English passengers on a ferry had been refused travel by the actions of French fishermen the out-group and so displayed generally less favourable attitudes towards French people. This supports Social Identity Theorys social comparison concept, in that the English passengers identified so strongly with their national group that they viewed the French in a negative light which in turn, resulted in them retaining their self-esteem. However, Social Identity Theory does have a number of issues which have proved problematic when trying to account for group influence. The theory assumes that a positive social identity is based on positive intergroup comparisons (Brown, 2000). It does make sense to assume that there should be a positive correlation between the strength of group identification and the level of in-group bias. This hypothesis has been tested over the years and still remains of interest to psychologists worldwide (Brown, 2000). Subsequent psychological studies investigating this correlation have shown little support for Social Identity Theory. According to Brown (2000), 14 studies were analysed and the overall correlation between group identification and in-group bias was +0.08, and while 64% of correlations were positive, the mean correlation was not very strong (+0.24). It can be argued, however, that this correlation hypothesis was not actually stated by Tajfel and Turner (1979) when they were develo ping the Social Identity Theory. It is clear from Social Identity Theory that people are motivated to have an in-group bias by the need to see themselves, and the group they identify, within a positive light. Thus, it can be assumed there is a causal link between intergroup distinction and self-esteem. Abrams and Hogg (1988) summarised this concept positive in-group differentiation leads to increased self-esteem and people with low self-esteem show more differentiation in order to boost levels of self-esteem. Social Identity Theory is essentially a theory relating to group differentiation, that is, how members of a specific in-group make this group distinctive from, and better than, an out-group. Therefore, groups which see themselves as similar should be keen to show intergroup differentiation (Brown, 1984). This hypothesis has been tested vigorously over the years with different results. Some studies have generated results which contradict Social Identity Theorys hypothesis Jett en, Spears and Manstead (1996) found that groups that viewed themselves to hold similar attitudes and equivalent status showed more intergroup attraction and less bias then dissimilar groups (Brown, 2000). However, some studies support Social Identity Theory as they have found that intergroup similarity does lead to intergroup differentiation especially if both groups are extremely similar (White Langer, 1999). The concept of social identity as described by Social Identity Theory could be altered by way of having a greater greater acknowledgement of the diversity of social groups that can represent ones social identity. Self-Categorisation Theory also focuses on the concept of intergroup differentiation as a function of identity (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Self-Categorisation Theory is seen as a cognitive theory of behaviour within intergroup contexts and offers explanations about the cognitive processes underlying an individuals self-categorisation and intergroup differentiation processes (Turner, 1999). The theory is seen to be a more elaborate, extended version of the original Social Identity Theory (TaÃ…Å ¸demir, 2011). Turner et al. (1987) argue that Self-Categorisation Theory deals with the social-cognitive basis of intergroup behaviour. Self-Categorisation Theory explains how people form a self-identity in terms of the social categories which they belong to. This also leads to people discriminating between their own category members and people in other categories. The meta-contrast principle explains this process. The meta-contrast principle explains that any number of individuals in a cert ain situation are likely to categorise themselves as a social group when they view differences amongst each other less than the differences between themselves and others in the same situation (Turner, 1985). For that reason, when inter-group differences are more stark than intra-group differences (high meta-contrast ratio), it is believed that people define themselves based on their membership of social groups and they differentiate between the in-group and out-group (Turner, Oakes, Haslam McGarty, 1994). Self-Categorisation Theory states that when individuals identify with a social group, they experience depersonalisation. That is, they perceive every member of their group as interchangeable on a certain level (Turner et al., 1957). Self-categorisation cognitively assimilates the individual to the in-group prototype and so depersonalises self-conception (Hogg and Terry, 2001). Therefore, it is assumed that each group member, including the individual themselves, share the same valu es and morals and so they tend to adhere to group norms (Hogg and Reid, 2006). According to Hogg and Terry (2001), this transformation of self-identity is the process which underlies group phenomena as it brings self-identification in line with the relevant in-group prototype in a certain context. Many psychologists, such as Simon (2004) and Deaux (1993) have challenged this assumption of depersonalisation. A study was conducted by Swann, Gomez, Seyle, Morales and Huici (200) who found a contradiction to the assumption of depersonalisation. In their study, individuals who felt their personal and social identities were linked did not adhere to the norms of the in-group. Instead, they engaged in rebellious behaviour to protect their group even when their identity was threatened. Self-Categorisation Theory promotes the idea that when people self-categorise themselves, they tend to think of themselves more as a member of a social group, rather than as individuals. This includes them bel ieving that they share the same characteristics associated with their group and they behave in ways that they feel members of their group should act. This process is called self-stereotyping (Mackie, Smith and Ray, 2008). As result of this, self-categorisation increases similarity in the in-group. This is because every member of the social group takes on attributes which are seen as characteristic of the group and so every member develops identical qualities. One could argue, therefore, that Self-Categorisation Theory provides an insight into the fact that the group has become part of ones self. Support of this comes from a study by Smith and Henry (1996) who found that group members perceive themselves as like their social group. Although both theories, Self Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory, are different, one could ague that they are similar to an extent. This is because both theories explore how identities are internalised and are used by individuals to define themselves. However, there are several differences between Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory and the way in which they account for group influence. Self-Categorisation Theory focuses more on the cognitive processes of categorisation in a social context whereas Social Identity Theory offers a more discursive approach. Discursive psychologists have been critical of Social Identity Theory over the years. They criticise the theorys assumption that group conflict and differentiation is caused by a worldwide psychological process. Additionally, they feel that the theory is limited as it does not have ecological validity since much of the research into the theory is conducted in Western cultures. There has been an intercultu ral study conducted by Wetherell (1996) who found that children who come from other cultural backgrounds do not discriminate between groups, unlike North American children. Self-Categorisation Theory does not place as much emphasis on the role of self-esteem, unlike Social Identity Theory. Social Identity Theory emphasises the process of self-categorisation into a group and Self-Categorisation Theory emphasises the process of self-stereotyping and identifying oneself based on a social group. According to Taylor and Moghaddam (1994), Self-Categorisation Theory ignores socio-structural factors and is devoid of the passion involved in real-life conflicts. The theory describes humans in the image of thinking machines. Therefore, one contrast between Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory is that the latter can be criticised for not paying enough attention to motivational and affective issues. One flaw of Self-Categorisation Theory is that it concentrates on identity forma tion in adults but no attention has been given to the development of identity in infants. There has however been research into this, using the main principles of Self-Categorisation Theory and applying it to children (Barrett, Wilson and Lyons, 1999). One could therefore argue that Self-Categorisation Theory is not efficient when it comes to explaining group influence on children. A success of Social Identity Theory is that other psychologists have used its principles in an attempt to explain extremist social movements. Reicher, Haslam and Rath (2008) explained how the ideas promoted by Social Identity Theory were able to explain Nazism. In conclusion, it is clear that both theories share similarities, but there are also a number of differences between the two. Self-Categorisation Theory has a more cognitive approach to group influence whereas Social Identity Theory has a more discursive approach. Further research into Social Identity Theory could involve people from Eastern countries to give the theory more ecological validity as currently, the majority of studies have used Western participants. Self-categorisation theory focuses too much on the formation of identity and group influence in adults and so more research could be done on children to see if the same assumptions apply.

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas: Book and Film :: The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, John Boyne

The book The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, by John Boyne is about a young boy, Bruno, whose father is a soldier in the German army during WWII. Bruno lives with his parents and his older sister, Gretel. They live in a five story house in Berlin. He goes to school and has three best friends that he goes on adventures with. One day he comes home to find their maid packing his things. They move to a three story house in Germany because his dad was promoted and needs to be closer to his work. Bruno is getting really upset that he can no longer see his friends or his grandparents. He is stuck in his house and can’t explore as much as he would like because there is no one to explore with. He notices something out his window one day, a large fenced in area with little tiny dots moving. He asks his sister and maid Maria what they are but they don’t know. He decides one day that he is going to explore the fenced in area, so he leaves when no one is looking and explores it for about two hours walking up and down the fence looking for something. Finally he comes across I boy about the same size of him so he goes up and talks to him. The boy’s name is Shmuel and they are the same age. Bruno learns that he is stuck behind the fence and has nothing to wear but the striped pajamas. Bruno doesn’t understand why he is there but is told how awful it is behind the fence. One day when Shmuel gets sent to shine glasses at his house him and Bruno start talking. A soldier see them and Bruno told him he didn’t know who he was, and the soldier beats the boy, Bruno feels terrible and want to make it up to Shmuel. Bruno wants to understand why the life behind the fence is so awful and why Shmuel isn’t happy. Bruno thinks it’s not better, but interesting because there are other kids to play with. They form a strong bond that can't be broken by anything and it makes him realize that his friends in Berlin weren't as special as Shmuel is and their friendship. The two boys have been talking and have been friends for about a year and decide that Bruno wants to go on the other side of the fence to see what its like and help him find his papa.

An Individuals Achievement Of Self-knowledge :: essays research papers

An Individual's Achievement of Self-Knowledge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An important theme is an individual's achievement of self-knowledge as a result of undergoing an ordeal. As Rev. Hale sits through the proceedings of the court in the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, his views change drastically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Rev. Hale first arrives in Salem, he is very objective about the whole situation of witchery. He questions Tituba and Abigail about all the events that occurred in the forest such as the girls' dancing and the frog in the kettle. He firmly believes that witchery was involved in causing the unresponsive condition of Betty Parris. He coaxes a confession from Tituba who names others supposedly involved in consorting with the Devil. He strongly encourages the authority of the Church to seek out and convict any unknown enemies of the Church. The Salem witchcraft trials began as a result. At first, only the poor and lower classes were accused, but soon respectable members of the community such as Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor were charged. Hale's personal feelings tell him that they are innocent, but his Puritan background prevents him from questioning the authority of the court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the play progresses, Hale begins to alter his views about the trials. He suggests that John Proctor should have a lawyer, but this request is denied by Danforth. He claims that a lawyer is not necessary because only the demon and the witness are important. Actually, he is conveying that the court alone will decide on the witness' probity based on his own words. Hale realizes that John Proctor is an honest man when he would willingly ruin his own reputation in the hopes of exposing Abigail as a whore. He absolutely cannot believe that the court won't accept his testimony as the truth. Hale thinks that the children are irresponsible fakers. He denounces the entire proceeding and leaves. Ironically, Rev. Hale returns to Salem to encourage the accused to lie in

Review Of An Inspector Calls :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Inspector calls† takes place in 1912, where there are great social divisions and distinctions. Written by JB Priestley in 1945 this allows for hindsight which eventually leads to dramatic irony. There are many examples of this, all of which are said by Mr Birling, â€Å"Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two, you’ll hear some people saying that war is inevitable. Well I say to that - fiddlesticks† This play was first published after the second world war and so the audience will know just how wrong Mr Birling really is. Mr Birling also makes a statement about the ill-fated Titanic. â€Å"Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.† The audience should know the tale of the Titanic very well and this just demonstrates again how wrong Mr Birling can be. I think that the hindsight and the dramatic irony was used because it helps to better establish the time period of the play and it also shows that Mr Birling isn’t nearly as clever as he thinks he is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr Birling as he put it is a â€Å".....hard headed,practical business man.† and it seems he is not much more than that. He is not much of a father to Eric or Sheila ,although he does love them he is not very good at showing it. What he does now how to do however is run a business. Also he is very ignorant as I illustrated earlier, with his â€Å"predictions† which couldn’t have been more wrong. Mr Birling acted very authoritive with Inspector Goole and was completely taken aback when the Inspector didn’t treat him with the respect he thought he deserved. He is also ruthless, as it is proven when at least twice he offered the Inspector a bribe just to keep his mouth shut. When everything comes out about Eva Smith he is more worried about his reputation than the fact that he helped in leading a young girl to suicide. And when it turns out that there is no Inspector Goole he feels much better because he knows now nothing will come of it. I don’t think it would have mattered whether Eva had been a lie or not, Mr Birling would never learn anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sheila Birling is much more considerate and distressed when she hears of Eva Smiths death. She believes she is partly responsible with the rest of her family and Fiance. I think Sheila was jealous of Eva Smith as when she was in Millwards ,a shop at where the Birlings were very good customers, she got Eva Smith sacked because she thought Eva was laughing at her expense.

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Among the musculus undergoing adaptative shortening, hamstring is the 1 normally traveling for adaptative shortening. The hamstring comprises of three big musculuss viz. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femur which arises from the tubercle of ischial bone. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and cross the hip and articulatio genus articulations. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the articulatio genus. Hamstringing stringency is common in normal single because of immobilisation of a tissue in a sawed-off place consequences in adaptative shortening. As the musculus shortens, its snap of the normal tissue was decreased and a alteration in the length tenseness relationship of the musculus, loss of flexibleness besides occurs. Hamstring stringency could do the musculo sinewy unit more susceptible to injury, increase opposition to assorted anatomical constructions, which may take to overdrive syndrome. Stringency could besides leads to pathological conditions at the articulation on which the musculus Acts of the Apostless, particularly on a musculus like hamstring which passes over the two articulations. Muscle stringency has a important impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationships. When one musculus in a force twosome becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map of the full kinetic concatenation, taking to unnatural emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle stringency besides cause mutual suppression. Increased musculus spindle activity in a specific musculus will do reduced nervous thrust to that musculus ‘s functional adversary. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved section. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a musculus to lengthen and let one articulation ( or more than one articulation in a series ) to travel through a scope of gesture. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the â€Å" scope of gesture available in a joint or a group of articulation that is influenced by musculuss, ligaments and castanetss † . Loss of flexibleness agencies reduced ability of a musculus to deform. Loss of flexibleness may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace, lumbar pelvic beat was disturbed, anterior pelvic joust was restricted, lumbar gesture was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spinal column leads to pulling of lumbar ligaments and accordingly hurting and instability. ( Levangie and Norkin, 2001 ) Loss of flexibleness can besides do hurting originating from musculus, connective tissue or periosteum. ( Hardy, 1989 ; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992 ) With respect to of import function of hamstring flexibleness Restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an of import function in efficiency and effectivity of human motion. Benefits of flexibleness is to heighten the scope of gesture, improved organic structure place, possible alleviation of achings and hurting, protection against low back hurting and hurts, decrease of station exercising musculus tenderness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstringing stringency can be measured utilizing the ( 1 ) Active one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 2 ) Passive one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 3 ) Sit and make trial, ( 4 ) Active articulatio genus extension trial. Straight leg rise trial are widely used as a neurologic trials, hence they do non give valid steps of hamstring stringency because of pelvic rotary motion that occurs during the trial. Active articulatio genus extension trial is the dependable trial. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon length by altering their viscousness and malleability ( Ziskin et al, 1986 ) . Skeletal musculuss have a higher rate of soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges when compared to fatty tissue. ( Dyson, 1987 ; Low and Reed, 1990 ) . Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of the collagen. As hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening ( Folconer et al, 1992 ) . Inactive stretching allow the musculus spindle to suit, cut down their fire rate ; hence inactive stretch is effectual in increasing the length of musculus. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) . Longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of additions in scope of gesture ( Feland et al, 2001 ) . Stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did non increase musculus flexibleness ( Beaulien, 1981 ) . Inactive stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring musculus length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibleness ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006 ) . Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) are manually applied stretching techniques that use rules of neurophysiology to loosen up hyperactive musculus and stretch inveterate shortened musculuss. Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) have the ability to loosen up hyperactive musculuss or stretch tight musculuss and their associated fascial constituents when connective tissue or viscoelastic alterations have occurred. When utilizing Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , it is of import to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular constituent before trying to stretch the involved muscular structure. Two cardinal neurophysiologic rules account for the neuromuscular suppression. The first rule of Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) is post contraction suppression / autogenous suppression / station isometric relaxation. The 2nd rule is mutual suppression. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension in persons with hamstring stringency ( Ballantyne 2003 ) . Muscle energy technique is significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness in collegiate males ( Wassim.M et Al 2009 ) .1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:Continuous ultrasound therapy, inactive stretching, musculus energy technique ( MET ) are important in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. These methods of intervention are good accepted and practised by assorted research workers harmoni zing to old literature, but there was no survey to compare the consequence of musculus energy technique ( MET ) and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. So the intent of this survey is to analyze the efficaciousness of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.2 Purposes:To happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.3 Aim:To analyze the consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To analyze the consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To compare the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.4 KEYWORDS:Hamstringing flexibleness, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, Active articulatio genus extension trial.1.5 HYPOTHESIS1.5.1 Null Hypothesis:There is no important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESISThere is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.II.REVIEW OF LITERATUREHamstring Stringency:Worrel et Al ( 2003 )Stated that hamstring hurts in jocks is chiefly due to the deficiency of hamstring flexibleness.Kishner and Colby et Al ( 2002 )Stated that equal mobility of soft tissues and articulations is thought to be an of import factor in bar of hurt ( or ) reinjury to soft tissues.Donald E Hartig et Al ( 1999 )Stated that addition in hamstring flexibleness lessenings overuse hurts in lower appendages.Sarhmann.S et Al ( 1997 )Stated that musculus stringency and hypertonicity has a important impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationship.Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et Al ( 1997, 1984 )Stated that musculus stringency alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved arti culation. This affects the interactive map taking to abnormal joint emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular or lymphatic stasis.Ronald F, Zernickle et Al ( 1996 )Stated that pull outing flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity.Zachazewski et Al ( 1989 )Stated that loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace.Cummingss, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et Al ( 1983 )Stated that stringency is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo sinewy unit otherwise referred to as a mild transeunt contracture. A musculus that is â€Å" tight † can be lengthened to all but the outer bounds of its scope. Normal person who do non on a regular basis take part in a flexibleness plan can develop mild myostatic contractures or stringency, peculiarly in two joint musculuss such as hamstrings , rectus femur or gastronemius.Fox E.L et Al ( 1979 )Stated that flexibleness enhances motion by bettering organic structure consciousness with greater easiness and sleight.Lawrence Gold et AlStated that the hamstrings are the musculuss that run from buttocks and below the articulatio genuss up to the dorsum of the thigh till the â€Å" sitbones † . Soft tissue hurts, articulatio genus hurting, lacerate semilunar cartilage, chondromalacia kneecap and hapless position frequently come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can forestall the person from making full extension or from flexing over wholly.ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingShadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a survey to analyze the consequence of two different manners ( Continuous versus Pulsed ) in diminishing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired work forces aged 20 to 30 old ages were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/CmA? , 1MHZ, five proceedingss and Pulsed ultrasound of 200A µs explosion of 1MHZ, 0.5W/CmA? , five proceedingss was used. They concluded that the warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings.Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et Al ( 2010 )Stated that the addition in flexibleness was maintained for a period of 4 hebdomads after the surcease of preparation. This betterment was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by utilizing active articulatio genus extension trial than the inactive stretching group.Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the superficial ( or ) deep heat applications before inactive stretching exercisin gs shows positive effects to increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss.Nichole Lee Lounsberry et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the ultrasound intervention produced greater immediate additions in hamstring extensibility than moist heat battalions intervention.A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et Al ( 2006 )Stated that the additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings.Denegar C, Saliba E, et Al ( 2006 )Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial warming, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at deepness of 3-5 centimeter and is considered to be a deep warming agent.Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et Al ( 2004 )Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any continuance between 15 and 120 seconds on surrogate yearss for six hebdomads would significantly increase its flexibl eness. The consequence was besides sustained for upto 7 yearss post intercession.Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n't showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population.C.D.Weijer et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length.Feland et Al ( 2001 )Reported that longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of addition in scope of gesture.Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et Al ( 2001 )Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tenseness is reduced. This leads is to an addition in length of musculus.Robert and W ilson et Al ( 1999 )Stated that inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation.William D Bandy et Al ( 1996 )Stated that a inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al ( 1995 )Stated that the continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al, Lentell G, Hetherington T et Al, Madding SW et Al ( 1994 )Stated that Inactive stretching is a method of stretching in which the musculuss and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary place at their greatest possible length for some period. When utilizing inactive stretching on a clinical footing, stretches should be held a lower limit of 15 to 30 seconds.Chan et Al ( 19 93 )Stated that sinew ranges greater temperature and heat more rapidly than musculus and the sinew was able to keep vigorous heating for longer period than musculus.Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et Al ( 1993 )Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than musculus tissue ; sinews will retain heat for longer periods of clip.Folconer et Al ( 1992 )Stated that ultrasound additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening.Gordon and Ghez et Al ( 1991 )Stated that inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire.Low and Reed et Al ( 1990 ) , Dyson et Al ( 1987 )Stated that low soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges is seen in tissues that are in H2O content ( eg. , fat ) , whereas soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein ( e.g. , s keletal musculus ) .Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et Al ( 1990 )Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to aim the collagen rich sinewy unit of the hamstring musculus because of its ability to perforate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40A ° Celsius will increase the snap of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of the tissue.Gajdosik RL, Godges JJ et Al ( 1989 )Stated that a low strength maintained stretch that is applied bit by bit is less likely to ease the stretch physiological reaction and increase tenseness in the musculus being lengthened. This is called inactive stretch.Ziskin et Al ( 1986 )Stated that an increasing in tendon length following uninterrupted ultrasound therapy is due to alter of their viscousness and malleability.Beaulien et Al ( 1981 )Stated that stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did n't increase musculus flexibleness.Coakley et Al ( 1978 )Stated that frequence of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more hypodermic fat who sustained hurts at deeper degree because of its incursion to a deepness of 3 to 5 centimeter.Lehman et Al ( 1968 )Emphasized on the thermic effects of uninterrupted ultrasound compared to other heating modes in increasing hamstring flexibleness.De Vries HA et Al ( 1962 )Stated that inactive stretching offers advantages of utilizing less overall force, diminishing the danger of transcending the tissue extensibility bounds, lower energy demand, and a lower likeliness of musculus tenderness. Inactive stretching besides has less consequence on the Ia and II spindle sensory nerve fibers than ballistic stretching, which would be given to increase a musculuss ‘ opposition to stretch and ease Golgis tendon organ, thereby cut downing the contractile elements opposition to distortion.MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE:Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Sham in, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a survey in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibleness by comparing the effectivity of musculus energy technique and bizarre preparation. Sum of 20 males with hamstring stringency falling between age group of 18-25 old ages were included in the survey. Hamstring stringency was measured by popliteal angle/active articulatio genus extension trial. One group was treated with musculus energy technique and the other with bizarre preparation. This survey stated that hamstring flexibleness can be improved with musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation than bizarre preparation.Wassim M et Al ( 2009 )Reported that musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency.Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sad et Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et Al ( 2009 )Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal immature adult females utilizing either inactive stretch or musculus energy technique had similar effects on reconstructing flexibleness to hamstrings.Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the musculus energy technique is effectual in increasing hamstring extensibility, and at that place appeared to be sustained betterment one hebdomad following the initial intervention.Ross A, Clark et Al ( 2008 )Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased.Lindsey Samilian et Al ( 2007 )Stated that musculus energy technique is a method used to beef up weak musculuss, lengthen the short musculuss ( or ) increase a musculus ‘s scope of gesture. These techniques involve stretch during which a mutual force is imposed on the targeted musculus for short period of clip, doing the mu sculus to loosen up and stretch farther.Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et Al ( 2003 )Conducted a survey to happen the effectivity of musculus energy technique in increasing inactive articulatio genus extension and to research the mechanism behind any ascertained alteration. Forty symptomless topics between age of 18 to 45 old ages were indiscriminately allocated to experimental and command group. Experimental group was given with musculus energy technique and Control group with no intervention. They concluded that musculus energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch.Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et Al ( 2001 )The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique.Freyer G et Al ( 2000 ) , Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et Al ( 1993 )Stated that an addition in flexibleness after musculus energy technique occurred due to bi omechanical or neurophysiologic alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching.Lewit et Al ( 1999 )Concluded that station isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic musculus, particularly if this relates to reflex contraction or the engagement of myofascial trigger points.Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et Al ( 1999 )Stated that station isometric relaxation is an first-class technique for handling neuromuscular component musculus of a stiff, shortened or tight musculus.Lewit et Al ( 1999 ) , Greenman et Al ( 1989 )Suggested that in musculus energy technique, the keeping clip of 7-10 seconds is more effectual than 3-5 seconds.Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Stated that addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch o n golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus.Goodridge and Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Suggested that 3 repeats of isometric contractions is optimum in using musculus energy technique.Lederman et Al ( 1997 )Stated that a viscoelastic alteration in musculus is responsible for the addition in musculus flexibleness after musculus energy technique.Chaitlow L et Al ( 1997 )Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the clip required to excite the excitatory threshold of the Golgi sinew organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory consequence on the musculus spindle. This provides the chance to take the musculus into a new scope of gesture. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of about 25 to 30 seconds, during which the musculus can be stretched.Philip Greenman et Al ( 1996 )Stated that manual medical specialty intervention process includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the topic ‘s mus culus by the voluntary attempt in a exactly controlled way, at different degrees of strength, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This process can be used to lengthen a sawed-off, contracted or spastic musculus ; to beef up a physiologically diminished musculus ; to cut down localised hydrops, to mobilise an articulation with restricted mobility.Ward, Robert C et Al ( 1990 )Stated that musculus energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction.Libenson et Al ( 1989 )Stated that musculus energy technique is effectual in handling the musculus tenseness upset and it efficaciously relaxes stretches, strengthens the musculuss and re-educate unnatural sensory motor tract.Lewit et Al ( 1986 )Stated that when a musculus is isometrically contracted its adversary will be inhibited and cut down tone instantly.Stiles and Greenman et Al ( 1984 )Suggested that musculuss which requires stretching ( agonist ) should be the chief beginning of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more important grades of relaxation and so a more utile ability to later stretch the musculus were the relaxation consequence being achieved through usage of adversary ( utilizing mutual suppression ) .ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION Trial:C.M. Norris et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial when used in concurrence with goniometry, accurate surface devising, and manual monitoring of the trial leg is a dependable step of hamstring musculus length.M.Mathews et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension represents maximal length of hamstring musculuss.Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et Al ( 1985 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is said to be a utile option to the consecutive leg raise trial for supplying an indicant of hamstring musculus length.Gajdosik R.L et Al ( 1983 )Stated that active articulatio genus extensi on trial is a more nonsubjective step of hamstring stringency which produces high dependability co-efficient.III. METHODOLOGY3.1 STUDY DESIGN:Pre trial and station trial experimental group survey design.3.2 STUDY Setting:Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore.3.3 STUDY DURATION:Entire continuance was one twelvemonth. Individual received the intervention for the continuance of one hebdomad.3.4 POPULATION STUDIED:30 normal persons with hamstring stringency who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random trying method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION3.5.1 Inclusive Standards:Age between 18 to 25 old ages Both males and females Normal persons with tight hamstrings ( inability to accomplish greater than 160A ° knee extension with hip at 90A ° flexure. )3.5.2EXCLUSIVE Standards:Low back pain – Acute accent or chronic. Hamstringing hurt – Acute accent or chronic. Soft tissue hurts around articulatio genus. Pregnancy. Metallic element implants in lower appendage. Recent break and stiffness in lower appendage.3.6 Variables:3.6.1 Independent Variables:Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Inactive stretching.3.6.2 Dependent Variables:Hamstringing flexibleness.3.7 Parameters:Hamstringing flexibleness3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS:Active articulatio genus extension trial.Active articulatio genus extension trial was used for measuring of hamstring stringency. The topic was instructed to lie on their dorsum with hip and articulatio genuss bent 90 grades. Pelvic motion was controlled by the usage of straps. By utilizing the sidelong condyle of thighbone as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the thighbone, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and articulatio genus in 90 grades so instruct the topic to unbend the articulatio genus every bit for as possible boulder clay a esthesis of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the concluding consequence.3.9 Procedures:GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE.Technique USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Supine prevarication. Procedure: Ask the persons to presume supine place. Therapist flexes the affected hip to the full and so extends the flexed articulatio genus with the dorsum of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the healer who stands confronting the caput of the tabular array. Individual is asked to flex i.e. doing downward force per unit area against the therapist shoulder with the dorsum of lower leg at the same clip therapist defy the persons voluntary attempt so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and persons hold this for 10 seconds. After this attempt, the person is asked to expire and loosen up the musculus wholly. Then the healer takes the musculus to its new limitation barrier without stretch. Get downing from this new barrier, the same process is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad.GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching:ULTRASOUND Therapy:INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Prone lying Parameters: Frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 2W/cmA? Manner: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring country Duration: Five Minutess daily ( Two proceedingss for median hamstrings, Two proceedingss for sidelong hamstrings and One min for between the two sinew ) . FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomadInactive Stretching:Technique USED: Active inactive stretching. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Standing place. Procedure: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the pes planted on the floor and toes pointed frontward. The heel of the pes to be stretched was placed on a pedestal with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The topic so flexed frontward at the hip, keeping the spinal column in impersonal place while making the arm forward. The topics continued to flex the hip until a soft stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then keep this place for 30 seconds and so loosen up for 10 seconds and reiterate the same process for three more times a twenty-four hours. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLSThe undermentioned statistical tools used in this survey is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-testFormula: Paired t-test=Where, = difference between the pre trial versus station trial = mean difference = entire figure of topics = criterion divergence Unpaired t-test was used to compare the average difference between Group A and Group B.Formula: Unpaired t-testWhere, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B i = amount of the value n1 = figure of topics in Group A n1 = figure of topics in Group B S = criterion divergenceDegree of significance: 5 %IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONTABLE-1PAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP AGroup A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A, who were treated with Muscle energy Technique.S.NOGroup AMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Pre trial 135.2 22.87 6.46 30.03 2. Post trial 158.07 4.50GRAPH-1GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A ( MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ) .TABLE-IIPAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP BGROUP B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group B, who were treated with Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGROUP BMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Pre trial 134.5 17.5 5.95 21.6 2. Post trial 152 5.11GRAPH-IIGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP B ( ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING )TABLE-IIIUNPAIRED't ‘ TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRE TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired't ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Group A 135.2 0.67 6.46 0.2940 2. Group B 134.5 5.95GRAPH-IIIGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B:TABLE-IVUNPAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Group A 158.07 6.07 4.50 3.53 2. Group B 152 5.11GRAPH-IVGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF POST TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B:Analysis OF RESULTS:30 persons with hamstring stringency were divided into two groups. Group A were treated with musculus energy technique. Group B were treated with ultrasound with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student't ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups.Paired't ‘ trial:Group A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEUsing Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 30.03 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Group B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingUsing Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 21.6 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of ultrasound t herapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Unpaired't ‘ trial:Comparing pre trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B:Pre trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 0.294 which is lesser than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Comparing station trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B:Post trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 3.53 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.V.DISCUSSIONThe intent of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards. The topics were divided into two groups, 15 in each group. Group A underwent musculus energy technique and Group B underwent ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Statistical analysis utilizing Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial showed that there was a important difference between Muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Paired ‘t ‘ trial concluded that there was a important betterment in hamstring flexibleness in both muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, which was supported by surveies as follows. Overuse hurts in lower limbs are reduced by increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss. ( Donald E Hartig, 1999 ) Extracting flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity. ( Ronald F, Zernickle 1996 ) Loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace. ( Zachazewski, 1989 ) Continuous ultrasound therapy additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Ultrasound soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein like skeletal musculus. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon and musculus length due to alter of their viscousness and malleability. ( Folconer 1992, Dyson 1987, Low and Reed1990 ) Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on the mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of collagen. Therefore hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater force was increased. ( Coakley, 1978 ) Thermal effects of ultrasound additions collagen temperature which will increase snap of tissue. Increased snap allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of tissues. It besides increases blood flow within the musculus. ( Warren C, Lehmann J, Stricker T, 1970, 1990 ) Longer keep times during stretching of hamstring musculuss result in greater additions in scope of gesture. ( Feland, 2001 ) Inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation. ( Robert and Wilson, 1999 ) Addition in length of the musculus which occurs after the application of musculus energy technique consequences in effectual venous or lymphatic drainage and addition in scope of gesture. ( Ballantyne F et Al 2003 ) Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased. ( Ross A, Clark, 2008 ) An addition in flexibleness after Muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiological alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching. ( Freyer G, Richard L, Melonie A, Rieck 1993, 2003 ) Addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus. ( Kuchera, 1997 ) By station isometric relaxation, consequence of sustained contraction on Golgi sinew organ set the sinew and musculus to new musculus length by suppressing it. Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation resulted in maximal betterment when compared to eccentric preparation on hamstring flexibleness. ( Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd, 2010 ) Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency. ( Wassim M, 2009 ) Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. ( Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P, 2003 ) Muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction. ( Ward, Robert C, 1990 ) The warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings. ( Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, 2010 ) Initiation of inactive stretching exercises involves the applications of superficial ( or ) deep heat agencies which show a positive consequence to increase the hamstring flexibleness. ( Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U, 2008 ) The additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds inactive stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds inactive stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings. ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok, 2006 ) The clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n't showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population. ( Trae Sakiyo Tashiro,2003 ) The continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss. ( Bandy WD, Irion JM, 1995 ) Inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length. ( C.D.Weijer, 2003 ) Inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length. ( William D Bandy, 1996 ) Inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) Muscle energy technique activates golgi sinews organ and bring forth a automatic relaxation of musculus. Ultrasound therapy increases the collagen temperature and increases the snap of tissue. Inactive stretching addition musculus length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fire and besides elicits golgi tendon response. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique showed greater betterment in hamstring flexibleness than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in persons with hamstring stringency.V1.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in single with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected in the age group between 18-25 old ages after due consideration of inclusion and exclusion standards. The topics were allotted into two groups. Group A received musculus energy technique and Group B received ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. The values of result steps were recorded before the beginning of intervention government Day1 and at the terminal of intervention government Day7. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student ‘t ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups. The consequences showed that there was a important difference between musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.VII.LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis survey is a short term survey, it is hence necessary to make a long term survey to do the consequence more valid. Hamstringing flexibleness can besides recorded by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Sample studied was little and the survey reduces the generalising ability hence survey with a much larger population is recommended. Surveies aimed to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique ( by utilizing station isometric relaxation ) with other electrotherapy modes such as hot battalion, short moving ridge diathermy and with other techniques like PNF, Irish burgoo ‘s grip straight leg rise technique, mutual suppression, etc can be conducted for farther research.

Queuing Up

Long Queuing Time Pepper lunch restaurant is famous for providing hot, fast and delicious food to customers. It attracts many people to visit, no matter in peak hours or off peak hours. However Pepper Lunch Restaurant have a poor queuing for customers to buy their wanted dishes. According a servey, a customers said that when he buying a meal, he counted from queuing to get a meal on the get dishes area, it takes around 45minutes in peak hour while it takes at least 15 minutes in off peak hours.Customers have to spend much time when they visit Pepper Lunch Restaurant. The picture at the right hand side showed Pepper lunch restaurant had made a notice for customers which listed about the queuing time is around 20 minutes and apologize for that non-convenience issue. Therefore, the following part is focus on this problem and also suggests some improvements for long queuing time. There are several reasons in causing this problem. One of the reasons is the pepper lunch restaurant in Festi val Walk lack a smart, fast and effective payment system.Only cash is accepted. Octopus card is not accepted as a payment method in the payment system. As all known, nowadays Octopus card is a well-known and very convenience payment method for people to use in buying things and pay transportation fare. Apart from the payment method, Pepper Lunch Restaurant only has one cashier for people to buy their meal. In peak hours, there are at least 20 people in the queue. In off peak hours, there are still 10 people in the queue.A survey interviewed 10 customers who standing outside the Pepper Lunch restaurant, asking whether they would give up if they saw a long queue outside the restaurant. Not surprisingly, 5 people said yes and they would choose other restaurant. The result showed that long queuing time is a serious problem to pepper lunch restaurant. Base on the above problems, we suggest the following improvements. Pepper Lunch Restaurant should install the Octopus card payment system for people to purchase the meal.The Octopus card payment system is a convenience system for payment. It is already widely used in buying food in some specific store or restaurant which installed the Octopus card payment system. Therefore, pepper lunch restaurant should install the Octopus card payment system for people to purchase the meal in order to reduce the time during the payment process and also to save time for change. Apart from installing the Octopus card payment system in the cashier counter, pepper lunch restaurant can set an auto-machine near the cashier counter.This auto-machine is quite like the auto-machine used in cinema. People can order their food by using this auto-machine with their octopus card. It will save much time in queuing. Although setting one more cashier counter, a self-purchase machine and the Octopus card payment system might slightly increase the cost, it can highly reduce the queuing time and attract more people to visit the restaurant. It definite ly would be the best long-term plan for its business and helps to increase profits.Beside, pepper lunch restaurant should set one more cashier in the counter to shorter the waiting time for buying meal. If there are two cashiers in the counter, one cashier could be used for cash while the other could be used for octopus. It would be a great payment system and could shorter the queuing time effectively. The below picture is the orginal layout design of Pepper Lunch Restaurant in Festival Walk The fowlloing picture is our suggested layout design for Pepper Lunch Restaurant.